The 100 Metres race is generally considered as the most glamorous discipline within the Track Events. It is characterised by the burst of acceleration of an athlete as he/she fires away from the starting blocks to the finishing tape.
The current Men’s World Record stands at an amazing 9.58 seconds, while the Women’s World Record is less than a second slower (10.49). Imagine yourself standing at the finish line; by the time you finish reading this sentence, you probably would have felt a gust of wind sweeping by you, and just like that, somebody would have been crowned the World’s Fastest Athlete.
It does bring to mind the following question: At such speed, does an athlete actually have time to breathe?
It is said that Korea’s top sprinter, Kang Tae Suk , used to hold his breath from the start line until he crossed the finish line.
Jang Jae Geun, coach of the Korean national team, provided a glimpse of the breathing techniques used by athletes today. According to Jang, world-renowned athletes inhale as deeply as they possibly can when they receive the “Set” command. As soon as they fire off from the starting blocks, the athletes exhale three times very quickly, typically within their first six steps. After that, they just hold their breaths and dash to the finish line.
Jang explained that the 100 Metres race is an “anaerobic exercise”; anaerobic exercises are extremely intensive and are generally adopted in non-endurance sports. Muscles trained under such conditions tend to give athletes greater performances in short durations.
Burst of speed in short spurts is exactly what is required in the case of the 100 Metres race. According to Jang, inhaling reduces such intensity. In addition, it is important to exhale, as it prevents muscle rigidity.
Jang also explained that most athletes cover the 100 Metres track between 44 and 47 steps, so it is paramount that the athletes get their breathing techniques right. It is little wonder that Kang Tae Suk has decided to adopt Coach Jang’s words of wisdom.
(Original contributor: Sung Jin Hyuk)
Here’s a question: Under the condition of ceteris paribus, which means that everything else remains constant (e.g. no factor as fatigue), which of the following is faster?
i. Four athletes participating in the 4 x 100 Metres Relay
ii. An athlete running the 100 Metres track four times
iii. An athlete running the 400 Metres
Need a hint? Try this: 37.10.
The timing of 37.10 is the current Men’s world record for the 4x100 Metres Relay, set by the Jamaican Relay team of Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Usain Bolt and Asafa Powell at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
Compare the following world records:
i. Four athletes participating in the 4 x 100 Metres Relay [37.10]
ii. An athlete running the 100 Metres track four times [Let’s use the current Men’s 100 Metres world record of 9.69 set by Bolt, and multiply it by four times. That would be…hmm…38.76]
iii. An athlete running the 400m [Let’s use Michael Johnson’s long-standing 43.18, which was established on August 26, 1999]
The key to the success of the 4 x 100 Metres Relay is teamwork. With four athletes, everyone is required to run a 100-Metre Relay Leg. The first athlete will carry a baton and rely on his mastering of the bend to reach the first take over zone.
As the athlete approaches and stretches out his baton-carrying hand, the receiving athlete would have already stretched back one hand and began his run. The smooth transition of the baton and the immaculate timing of the receiving athlete’s start are crucial to the success of any 4 x 100 Metres Relay team.
There are, of course, some basic rules to the race: If an athlete veers off his designated lane, the team will be disqualified; and if the baton is dropped or the baton is not passed to the next athlete within the take over zone, the team will be disqualified.
Measurements of Baton: 30cm (Length), 12cm (Circumference)
Takeover Zone: 20m
(Original contributor: Kim Sung Hyun)
The Pole Vault was created in the late 18th Century, when a German gymnast used a wooden pole to leap over a metre-high horizontal bar. Since then, different materials have been used for the pole, such as bamboo in the 1950s. With the advancement of technology these days, carbon-coated fibreglass poles are considered the norms.
The pole measures at least 4.5 metres in length and 3.5 centimetres in diameter. Having the longest or most elastic pole does not guarantee a successful leap. As with everything else, an athlete’s technique and the Laws of Physics come into play.
Athletes run on a 40 metre-long track at an explosive speed and plant the pole in a box, which causes the pole to bend within the laws of elasticity. The energy generated from this bending process helps propel the athlete into the air. The Pole Vault is truly a unique combination of durability and elasticity.
Sergey Bubka (Ukraine), now a member of the International Olympic Committee and Senior Vice President of the IAAF, holds the world record mark of 6.14 metres, which he established on July 31, 1994. He was also the first athlete to clear the 6-metre barrier.
No athlete since then has come close to threatening Bubka’s world record.
There are also other factors that come into play. For example, Stacy Dragila (U.S.A.) once confessed that the Pole Vault “was dreadful at first”. According to her, the experience is so frightening that, instead of sticking the pole into the box, first-time athletes “end up sticking the pole into their heart.” The Pole Vault is definitely not for the faint-hearted.
(Original contributor: Kim Dong Suk)
In the Men’s 10,000 Metres Final at the 1992 Seoul World Junior Championships, Haile Gebrselassie (Ethiopia) trailed behind two Kenyan athletes throughout most of the race. Gebrselassie displayed remarkable maturity to complement his obvious potential in this event. He had strategized his race to perfection and finally overtook the two Kenyans as they approach the finish line.
Irritated by the loss, one of the Kenyan athletes took matters into his own hands (literally) by striking Gebrselassie on the back of his head. The Kenyan was promptly disqualified for violent behaviour and unsportsmanlike conduct.
Unlike the shorter-distance events, middle-distance running is a combination of speed, endurance and strategising. Athletes often compete against one another for the best positions at the beginning of the race. Typically, there is a “rabbit” in the race, i.e. an athlete who will race ahead of everyone else and set the pace, usually to the benefit of a teammate.
One of the most effective strategies prevalent today is having more than one athlete representing the same country competing in the same race. Usually, one of them is the athlete favoured to win. The sole responsibility of the other athlete is to either pace the favoured athlete or to tactfully restrain other athletes from overtaking, or both.
Of course, there are times when the less favoured athlete pulls off a surprising win, which is not too bad, considering the overall winner is the team.
(Original contributor: Choi Hyung Suk)
The Race Walk is perhaps one of the most distinctive disciplines among all Track events. It is not merely walking quickly, i.e. the knees are bent and the feet lifted off the ground if you are in a hurry.
There are rules governing how a participating athlete walks. Below is the definition of Race Walking that is established by the IAAF:
“Race Walking is a progression of steps so taken that the walker makes contact with the ground, so that no visible (to the human eye) loss of contact occurs. The advancing leg shall be straightened (i.e. not bent at the knee) from the moment of first contact with the ground until the vertical upright position.”
In short, welcome to the world of walking, hoopla-loop style. The Race Walk is a discipline that requires a lot of concentration and dedicated training. Athletes undergo a series of hoop and hurdle training to increase flexibility. Most, if not all, of the athletes perfect the technique of swivelling their hips. If the image of Donald Duck comes to mind, you are not too far off with that imagery.
It is also among the most difficult disciplines to judge. If an athlete seems likely to break a rule, designated referees will issue warnings by using a double-sided yellow card. If there is a clear violation of the rules, a red card is then issued. Three red card warnings constitute a disqualification.
In fact, the Race Walk is so physically and mentally demanding that Avery Brundage (U.S.A.), a prominent member of the IAAF Rules and Records Committee who would eventually become president of the International Olympic Committee, once commented that the Race Walk “is a Men’s discipline that is as painful as childbirth”.
(Original contributor: Kim Sung Hyun)
It is not clear how the Hurdles originated. One of the more colourful beliefs is that the practice developed from shepherds jumping over fences. In fact, it is believed that the height of the Men’s hurdles (1.067 metres) comes from the average height of the fences found in traditional pastures.
Hurdles was accepted as an official event at the inaugural Modern Games of the Olympiad in Athens in 1896. Four years later in Paris, broken telegraph poles were used as hurdles because the French organizing committee did not have the resources to build the hurdles.
It is one of the most physically and mentally demanding Track events. Imagine reading an athlete’s mind before the start of the 110 Metres Hurdles race: 1. Run the first 13.72 metres as quickly and smoothly as possible (Check!) 2. Leap over the first hurdle (Check!) 3. Maintain a smooth stride over the next 9.14 metres until you approach the second hurdle (Check!) 4. Repeat steps 2-3 until you reach Hurdle Number 10 (Check!) 5. Then run, run, run (Check! Check! Check!)
As mentioned above, the event is both physically and mentally demanding on the athlete. He can neither time his jumps over the hurdles too early nor too late, for that would affect his stride and speed.
At the same time, an athlete can neither jump too high nor too low, as a slight difference in the height of the jump may determine the colour of the medal won, if any at all.
Finally, an athlete can never touch the hurdles with his hands. You can do a taekwondo-style flying kick to the hurdle, but you can never karate-chop your way through it.
(Original contributor: Kim Sung Hyun)
You are in a hurry but you come across a pool of muddy water. You have to choose from the following options:
i. Place your $800 jacket over the water and walk over it ii. Walk around the pool, even if that means taking a detour the size of Daegu iii. Do a “Carl Lewis”
Huh? Do a “Carl Lewis”?
Carl Lewis is one of the greatest athletes ever to grace the track. In his prime, Lewis was (hold your breath) a former world record holder of the 100 Metres; the 200 Metres; and the anchor leg of the world-recording-setting 4 x 100 Metres U.S. Relay team.
Lest we forget, he once held the world record in the Long Jump. (Now, exhale)
Lewis is remembered not only for his breakneck speed, but also for his finesse. He perfected what is generally known as the hitch-kick in the Long Jump. When Lewis leapt, it was as though he was running on an imaginary flight of stairs. The hitch-kick enabled Lewis and athletes today to leap long distances without losing their velocity and momentum while in mid-air.
Think it is easy? Imagine kicking about three times for less than a second in mid-air.
There are other techniques, such as the traditional hang technique, but they lack the distance covered by hitch-kicking.
While we can never be a Carl Lewis, it would certainly be more interesting to leap over the pool of muddy water via the hang technique. Just remember to lean forward when you descend back to Earth.
(Original contributor: Choi Hyung Suk)
The High Jump is certainly one-of-a-kind, as it actually features a technique named after an athlete. Not many Track and Field Events can boast that.
The “Fosbury Flop” is perhaps the most common techniques used by athletes since the 1980s. Basically, an athlete jogs on the spot before taking a few giant strides at an angle towards the horizontal bar. He then executes a salmon-like leap, with the belly facing towards the sky and the back arched (like an inverted U-shape). If well-executed, the arch seems to “bend” around the bar before the athlete lands on the support mat.
Now, how did the “Fosbury Flop” get to be called the “Fosbury Flop”?
On October 20, 1968, Dick Fosbury, a student from Oregon State University (U.S.A.) astonished spectators when he cleared the bar, which was set at 2.24 metres. What was astounding was not the fact that the student cleared the height, but the way in which it was done.
Before that eventful leap, the world of High Jump was used to the “Scissors” technique (jumping and executing a scissors-kick around the bar), the “Rollover” technique (jumping and leaning the body sideways over the bar) and the “Belly Rollover” technique.
Fosbury challenged the conventional jumping techniques with his sensational leap. While the technique is commonly used now, back then, Fosbury was like the Wright Brother of the High Jump.
What makes the “Fosbury Flop” so special?
The High Jump is gravity-defying. In order to generate enough energy to jump high, it is important for an athlete to keep a low centre of gravity as he takes off from the ground.
In the case of the “Fosbury Flop”, the inverted U-shape of the athlete’s body causes the centre of gravity to be lower by about 10 centimetres, as compared to other techniques. This results in a higher and more graceful leap.
The only drawback? Athletes cannot monitor their movements, especially their landing positions. It truly is a leap of faith.
(Original contributor: Kim Wang Keun)
The Track and Field Events are exposed to elements of nature, with the most common being rain and wind. Technically, having a faster wind blowing behind an athlete is good, no?
Well, no.
In accordance with Rule 260: World Records in Section X of the IAAF Competition Rules, for Track Events such as the 100 Metres, 200 Metres, 100 Metres Hurdles and 110 Metres Hurdles, the speed of the wind in the direction of the run (i.e. the wind is blowing against the athlete’s back) should not exceed 2 metres per second. Any wind speed that exceeds this limit will not be accepted as official.
In the case of the Long Jump and the High Jump, if the speed of the wind in the direction of the run exceeds 2 metres per second, the record will not be accepted.
Case in point: At the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games, Robert Hayes (U.S.A.) recorded 9.9 in the Men’s 100 Metres, thus becoming the first man to break the “10-second barrier”. Unfortunately, the wind speed exceeded the 2 metres per second limit and the record was not accepted.
The abovementioned rules have been in place since 1936, but it is not without its limitations. For example, wind does not blow in one uniform direction across the eight lanes. There have been instances where one athlete received a more favourable wind speed than the other.
Until there is further advancement in technology to accurately gauge wind speeds, Mother Nature will still have considerable influence in humans setting world records.
(Original contributor: Kang Ho Chul)
Technological advancement over the years has proved crucial in the determination of tightly-contested races, especially in races that are almost impossible to be judged with the naked eye.
The Fully Automatic Timing and a Photo Finish System are major requirements in all competitions. Remember the following:
i. For races not exceeding 10,000 Metres, the timing should be recorded to the 1/100th of a second. ii. For races exceeding 10,000 Metres, the timing should be read to 1/100th of a second and recorded to 1/10th of a second. iii. For any other races held partially or entirely outside of the stadium, the timing should be read to 1/100th of a second and recorded to the whole second.
History is testament to the need for the Fully Automatic Timing and the Photo Finish System. At the 1993 Stuttgart World Championships in Athletics, Gail Devers (U.S.A.) and Merlene Ottey (Jamaica) had both crossed the finish line at the same time (10.82).
In a sport such as swimming, both of them would probably have gotten a gold medal each. This scenario happened at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, when Anthony Irvine and Gary Hall Jr. touched the wall at the same time (21.98) in the Men’s 50m Freestyle final. Each athlete won a gold medal.
Not in the IAAF, though. It was determined by the Fully Automatic Timing obtained from the Photo Finish System that Dever’s upper body had fractionally edged ahead of Ottey’s. How much fractionally? By 1/1000th of a second, to be exact!
As if to prove that their photo finish in 1993 was no fluke, Devers and Ottey did it again at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. Once again, it was Dever’s upper body that proved the difference, edging pass Ottey by 5/1000th of a second.
Talk about a nail-biting photo-finish.
(Original contributor: Sung Jin Hyuk)
As mentioned previously in section 4. Middle-Distance Races, there are athletes who function differently from others. They run not to win but to set the pace for other athletes to follow, usually to the benefit of his teammate.
Make no mistake; there is a market for such pace-makers but they, just like every other athlete, have the right to win.
(Original contributor: Kim Wang Keun)
Of the four Throw events, the Men’s Javelin Throw holds the world record for the longest distance (98.48), followed by the Hammer Throw (86.74), Discus Throw (74.08) and the Shot Put (23.12).
Part of the reason is the lightweight javelin, which generally weighs in at 800 grams. Compare that with the metal balls used in the Hammer Throw and Shot Put (both at 7.26 kilograms), and the discus used in the Discus Throw (2.0 kilograms).
Another reason is that the Javelin Throw is the only Throw event where the athlete runs before the throw. This is different from the Hammer Throw and Discus Throw, where the athlete spins to gather momentum. An athlete participating in the Shot Put can only “hop” a couple of steps before throwing the metal ball, which is why the world record for the Shot Put is much shorter than the other Throw events.
As explained in section 9. Winds and Records, Mother Nature has considerable influence on Track and Field Events. The lightweight javelin, when assisted by a favourable wind, sails through the air with ease, just like knife to butter.
Finally, the Laws of Physics apply. An athlete generates energy just before he throws the Javelin. First, the athlete will run and stop as close as he can without stepping out of the boundary line. The pivot foot generates energy, which in turn is transferred to the waist; to the chest; to the elbow; and finally to the throwing hand. This process is called the “Whip Effect”.
Once the athlete snaps his wrist and releases the javelin, the “Whip Effect” will carry the javelin through the air. In essence, the run before the throw generates about 25 percent of the energy, while the remaining 75 percent is down to the athlete’s physical strength.
As Kim Ki Hoon, coach of the Korean National Javelin Throw Team, summed it up, “The Javelin Throw is considered as the perfect throwing discipline, since it reflects most of the kinetic elements”.
Sir Isaac Newton would have been proud with that assessment.
(Original contributor: Kim Sung Hyun)
In 708 B.C., a group of athletes participating the 18th Ancient Games of the Olympiad competed by throwing rocks or bronze objects. The one who threw the furthest was declared as the winner.
This was the humble beginning of what would eventually be the Discus Throw.
A standard discus was used at the Men’s Discus Throw in 1907; it measured 22 centimetres in diameter and weighed two kilograms. Not much has changed since.
The first person to develop the athlete-spinning-within-a-circle technique that we see today was Clarence Houser (U.S.A.) back in 1926. Before this technique was introduced, athletes basically stood at the same spot and swung their arms back and forth.
The Houser Technique can be classified into two styles of throwing: Mac Wilkins and Powell. The two styles are named after the two American athletes who developed them.
The Mac Wilkins Style involves positioning the feet wider than the width between the shoulders. The athlete will then rotate his body and draw the largest possible radius; this helps to maximise the centrifugal force generated. The Mac Wilkins Style is generally popular among athletes that have a strong waist and a smaller built.
The Powell Style is popular among athletes who are more muscular and have a strong lower body, particularly the European athletes. Basically, athletes make small circles and concentrate their energy on the shoulders.
Both styles have produced their fair share of successes, but one thing is for sure, the Discus Throw is a discipline of explosive power and velocity.
(Original contributor: Choi Bo Yoon)
Homer, not of the Simpsons fame, once mentioned that Greek soldiers used to play a game of rock-throwing while they were conquering the city of Troy. In the 17th Century, the English soldiers modified the game by throwing hollowed cannonballs.
One of the original events in the inaugural Modern Games of the Olympiad in Athens in 1896, athletes were originally required to throw the ball within a square. In 1906, the square was replaced with a circle measuring 2.135 metres in diameter. The weight of the ball was also standardised at 16 pounds (or 7.257 kilograms).
The Shot Put took off – literally – in the 1950s. Parry O’Brien, a freshman at the University of Southern California, developed a refreshing innovative throwing style. First, he stood at the far end of the circle and turned his back to the field. He then “hopped” across the circle and turned his body 180 degrees before releasing the ball.
Using this technique, O’Brien established a new Shot Put world record (17.41 metres) in the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games. He would go on to break the 19-metre mark in 1956.
The O’Brien Technique does not monopolise the Shot Put, however. There is also the “one-rotation” throwing technique, which first emerged in the 1970s. At the 1973 Universiade in Moscow, Aleksandr Georgievich Baryshnikov (former Soviet Union) rotated his body once, like an athlete would do in a Discus Throw. With this technique, Baryshnikov set a new Shot Put world record (22 metres) in 1976.
However, the Baryshnikov Technique requires advanced training, especially since the athlete may lose balance or step out of the boundary circle. For these reasons, the O’Brien Technique is still the more popular Shot Put technique today.
(Original contributor: Kim Wang Keun)
Ever noticed the difference in physique between a short-distance athlete and a middle-to-long distance athlete?
In most cases, short-distance athletes are muscular, which helps generate the explosive bursts of acceleration and speed required in a race that ends in a matter of seconds (Think Maurice Greene). Middle-to-long distance athletes, however, tend to be slim, which helps in their stamina and perseverance (Think Haile Gebreselassie).
Short-distance athletes also develop what is known as fast-twitch muscle fibres, which contract faster and generate greater strength. Middle-to-long distance athletes develop slow-twitch muscle fibres, which contract and relax repetitively over a longer period of time.
There are exceptional talents who excel in short-distance disciplines, but are generally considered as slim. Carl Lewis (U.S.A.) and Usain Bolt (Jamaica) are prime examples of athletes under this category.
It just goes to show that there is no perfect mould to success.
(Original contributor: Cho Jung Hoon)
Why is the Marathon exactly 42.195 kilometres?
The Marathon commemorates the fabled run of Greek warrior, Pheidippides, who covered that distance to deliver news of the “Battle of Marathon” to Athens.
At the 1908 London Olympic Games, the Marathon covered a distance of 42.195 kilometres, which was the distance between Windsor Palace and the main Olympic Arena. However, the IAAF only standardised the distance of 42.195 kilometres in 1921.
Perhaps you knew that much, but do you know the following? Marathons are not just about longitude; there is also altitude involved. The starting point must not be more than 42 metres higher than the finishing point; this is to prevent athletes from taking advantage of the down slope.
(Original contributor: Kim Wang Keun)
The Ancient Games of the Olympiad were exclusively for men. Fast forward to the 20th Century, where women participated for the first time in the Games of the Olympiad
Things got off to a slow start, as only 22 women among the 997 athletes participated in the 1900 Paris Olympic Games. In total, the women participated in five sports: Tennis, Sailing, Croquet, Equestrian and Golf.
It was only in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympic Games where women were permitted to participate in Track and Field Events. They were restricted to the 100 Metres; 800 Metres; 4 x 100 Metres Relay; High Jump; and Discus Throw.
Unfortunately, a few female athletes fainted after completing the 800 Metres. This prompted the IAAF to suspend female athletes from participating in the 800 Metres, until the 1960 Rome Olympic Games.
What prompted the chain of events that would eventually transform women’s role in the world of sports? It can be traced to a single individual: Madame Alice Milliat (France). In October 1921, Milliat proposed the founding of the Federation Sportive Feminine Internationale, which held its inaugural World Championships in Paris, France.
The International Olympic Committee realised the trend and introduced certain disciplines for women in the Olympic Programme. The full list of women-only sports or disciplines that were or still are in the Olympic Programme of the Summer Games is as follows:
| 1900 Paris Olympic Games | Tennis, Golf |
| 1904 St. Louis Olympic Games | Archery |
| 1908 London Olympic Games | Tennis |
| 1912 Stockholm Olympic Games | Swimming |
| The 1916 Olympic Games were supposed to be held in Berlin but were cancelled due to World War | |
| 1920 Antwerp Olympic Games | NIL |
| 1924 Paris Olympic Games | Fencing |
| 1928 AmsterdamOlympic Games | Athletics, Gymnastics |
| 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games | NIL |
| 1936 Berlin Olympic Games | Gymnastics |
| The 1940 Olympic Games were supposed to be held in Tokyo, which was changed to Helsinki, but were cancelled due to World War I The 1944 Olympic Games were supposed to be held in London but were cancelled due to World War Ⅱ | |
| 1948 London Olympic Games | Canoeing |
| 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games | Equestrian sport |
| 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games | NIL |
| 1960 Rome Olympic Games | NIL |
| 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games | Volleyball |
| 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games | NIL |
| 1972 Munich Olympic Games | Archery |
| 1976 Montreal Olympic Games | Rowing, Basketball, Handball |
| 1980 Moscow Olympic Games | Field Hockey |
| 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games | Shooting, Cycling |
| 1988 Seoul Olympic Games | Tennis, Table Tennis, Sailing |
| 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games | Badminton, Judo, Biathlon |
| 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games | Football, Softball |
| 2000 Sydney Olympic Games | Taekwondo, Weightlifting, Pentathlon, Triathlon |
| 2004 Athens Olympic Games | NIL |
| 2008 Beijing Olympic Games | Wrestling |
Currently, there are 23 events for Women in Athletics, including all of the Men's events, with the exception of the 50 Kilometres Race Walk
(Original contributor: Kim Sung Hyun)
The starting block is a quintessential tool in short-distance events. It was officially introduced on June 8, 1929, when George Simpson of Ohio State University used the starting block to help him set a world record in the 100 Yard (91 Metres) event.
Designed by Dean Cromwell, a renowned coach at the University of Southern California, the "Nicholson Block", as it was called, was made out of wood. The design and materials used for the starting block evolved over the years and made its official Olympic debut in the 1948 London Olympic Games.
So, what did athletes use before the era of the starting block? Believe it or not, athletes stood at the starting line at the inaugural Modern Games of the Olympiad in Athens in 1896. Naturally, the records were not all that impressive.
In the early 1900s, holes were dug into the ground for the athletes to set their feet in. This also resulted in the evolution of the crouching start that we see today.
For all the advancement in technology, however, the athletes are ultimately the ones who make the difference. Jesse Owen's (U.S.A.) world record in the 100 Metres, which was established at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games before the introduction of the starting block, stood for almost three decades. It was finally broken by Robert Hayes(U.S.A.) at the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games.
There is no substitute for talent and hard work.(Original contributor: Ko Suk Tae)
